Lockout should be the final straw for baseball’s antitrust exemption
By Ken Reed
Originally published by Troy Media
“Every other sport – like virtually every sort of business – is governed by the antitrust laws.”
– Stuart Banner, author of The Baseball Trust: A History of Baseball’s Antitrust Exemption
The fact that the Supreme Court of the United States gave Major League Baseball an antitrust exemption in 1922 was absurd and is even more so now. And it certainly isn’t in the best interests of baseball or its stakeholders.
As Sen. Bernie Sanders said recently:
“It should be clear to all that these baseball oligarchs have shown that they are far more concerned about increasing their wealth and profits than in strengthening our national pastime.”
In essence, collusion in baseball is completely legal. It was sanctioned by the Supreme Court in Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore v. National League et al. in 1922 and continually upheld since then.
Gerald W. Scully wrote in his book The Business of Major League Baseball (1989) that if baseball was subject to the Sherman Antitrust Act like other businesses, “the methods of transacting with players” would be an area impacting MLB’s business operations.
After imposing a lockout on the players, the owners proceeded to negotiate in bad faith by not even attempting to contact the players’ union for 42 days.
The antitrust exemption allows franchises to squeeze “exorbitant benefits” out of current and potential league cities. For example, free land for stadiums, taxpayer-funded stadiums, and tax breaks that no other business receives. In essence, it allows baseball owners to exploit fans and taxpayers.
In the last couple of years, MLB owners have eliminated over 40 minor league teams, costing hundreds of players their jobs and taking baseball from fans – young and old – in small towns.
In the infamous 1922 Supreme Court case, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote that MLB was not subject to the antitrust statutes because Major League Baseball was not interstate commerce.
Say what?
Although there was heavy disagreement in the legal community at the time, the ruling has never been overturned in the courts or by Congress.
Some believe the antitrust exemption issue is for the courts to decide, not Congress. The courts, for their part, apparently feel the burden is not on them but on the nation’s legislators. Ultimately, both the Supreme Court and Congress historically have refused to take responsibility for deciding MLB’s long-standing antitrust exemption.
The special treatment MLB receives in its antitrust exemption allows a small group of wealthy owners, who may or may not care about baseball beyond an economic perspective, to control a major cultural practice (indeed one historically called “the national pastime”) as they see fit.
The game’s best interests won’t be the top priority of baseball owners as long as their government-sanctioned cartel is allowed to continue. For businesses owners in other industries, neglecting stakeholder groups’ needs, wants and expectations means eventual death – usually sooner rather than later.
In 1972, the Supreme Court took on the Curt Flood case (Flood v. Kuhn). The court stated what was obvious to so many legal and business observers, specifically that “professional baseball is a business, and it is engaged in interstate commerce.” Nevertheless, the court ultimately upheld baseball’s antitrust exemption.
Ironically, a recent college athletics case might be the impetus for eliminating MLB’s antitrust exemption. In NCAA versus Alston, the Supreme Court reached a 9-0 decision to uphold a ruling by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit that struck down NCAA caps on student-athlete academic benefits on antitrust grounds.
In Alston, Justice Neil Gorsuch, writing for the court, addressed MLB’s exemption. He called it “unrealistic, inconsistent, and aberrational.” Gorsuch suggested legislators address the problem with MLB’s antitrust exemption. But he also hinted that the court could decide to abolish its MLB antitrust exemption if legislators continue to pass on the issue.
It sounds like Sanders is ready to take the lead on this.
“We must prevent the greed of baseball’s oligarchs from destroying the game. The best way to do that is to end Major League Baseball’s antitrust exemption and I will be introducing legislation to do just that.”
This year marks the 100th anniversary of baseball’s antitrust exemption. This colossal mistake needs to be fixed. After watching how the owners operated in the recent lockout, the fix can’t come soon enough.
— Ken Reed is sports policy director for League of Fans, a sports reform project. He is the author of The Sports Reformers, Ego vs. Soul in Sports, and How We Can Save Sports.

Sports Forum Podcast
Episode #27 – League of Fans’ Sports Forum podcast: Kids’ Sports: How We Can Take Back the Game and Restore Quality Family Time In the Process – Linda Flanagan is author of “Take Back the Game: How Money and Mania Are Ruining Kids’ Sports and Why It Matters.” We discuss how commercialized and professionalized youth sports are hurting kids and their families. Linda writes extensively about how youth sports can hijack families, and family outings, non-sports activities and bonding time are lost in the pursuit of the next club team game or travel tournament.
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Episode #26 – League of Fans’ Sports Forum podcast: How Can We Fix Youth Sports? – John O’Sullivan is Founder and CEO of Changing the Game Project and author of “Changing the Game: The Parents Guide to Raising Happy, High Performing Athletes and Giving Youth Sports Back to Our Kids.”
Episode #25 – League of Fans’ Sports Forum podcast: Physical Education Should Be a Critical Component of K-12 School Design – Michael Horn is co-founder of the Clayton Christensen Institute for Disruptive Innovation.
Episode #24 – League of Fans’ Sports Forum podcast: Mental Health and Athletes: Ending the Stigma – Nathan Braaten and Taylor Ricci are the founders of Dam Worth It, a non-profit created to end the stigma around mental health at colleges and universities through sport, storytelling, and community creation.
Episode #23 – League of Fans’ Sports Forum podcast: Olympian Benita Fitzgerald Mosley Talks Title IX, Youth Sports and the Olympics.
Episode #22 – League of Fans’ Sports Forum podcast: Rethinking Sports Fandom with Author Craig Calcaterra – We discuss Calcaterra’s new book “Rethinking Fandom: How to Beat the Sports-Industrial Complex at Its Own Game” and explore new ways to be a fan.
Media
"How We Can Save Sports" author Ken Reed appears on Fox & Friends to explain how there's "too much adult in youth sports."
Ken Reed appears on Mornings with Gail from KFKA Radio in Colorado to discuss bad parenting in youth athletics.
“Should College Athletes Be Paid?” Ken Reed on The Morning Show from Wisconsin Public Radio
Ken Reed appears on KGNU Community Radio in Colorado (at 02:30) to discuss equality in sports and Title IX.
Ken Reed appears on the Ralph Nader Radio Hour (at 38:35) to discuss his book The Sports Reformers: Working to Make the World of Sports a Better Place, and to talk about some current sports issues.
- League of Fans Sports Policy Director Ken Reed quoted in Washington Post column titled "What happened to P.E.? It’s losing ground in our push for academic improvement," by Jay Mathews
League of Fans is a sports reform project founded by Ralph Nader to fight for the higher principles of justice, fair play, equal opportunity and civil rights in sports; and to encourage safety and civic responsibility in sports industry and culture.
Sports & Torts – Ken Reed, Sports Policy Director, League of Fans – at the American Museum of Tort Law
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